Krishna now shifts to sacrifices, emphasizing that sattvic yajnas are performed selflessly, following scriptural guidelines, and without expectation of rewards. This reinforces the central theme of the Gita—that detachment from the fruits of actions is the key to true spiritual advancement.

Rajasic sacrifices are driven by material desires and social recognition. This insight warns against external religious displays that lack true devotion. Krishna subtly challenges the tendency to engage in rituals for personal gain rather than as a genuine offering to the divine.

Tamasic sacrifices, performed without proper knowledge, faith, or sincerity, highlight the lowest form of spiritual engagement. Krishna’s words here serve as a reminder that not all religious acts are beneficial—when performed incorrectly or without true intent, they yield little to no spiritual progress.

Speech, like action, must be refined through austerity. Words that are truthful, gentle, and beneficial cultivate harmony, while harsh speech, even if factual, can cause harm. Krishna’s emphasis on verbal discipline serves as a crucial reminder that communication is a tool for both spiritual growth and social harmony.

Mental austerity is the most subtle yet powerful form of discipline. Krishna highlights that real transformation begins within—through inner peace, purity of thought, and self-control. By emphasizing mental refinement, he shifts the focus from external acts to internal mastery as the highest form of tapasya.

True austerity is not about suffering or self-inflicted pain, but about sincere discipline rooted in faith and purity. Krishna underscores that sattvic austerities, performed with devotion and detachment from rewards, yield the greatest spiritual benefits.