Krishna expands on the concept of austerity, beginning with physical discipline. True tapasya involves purity, self-restraint, and respect for wisdom rather than extreme self-denial. This teaching broadens the perspective on spiritual discipline, advocating a balanced, thoughtful approach over rigid asceticism.

Speech, like action, must be refined through austerity. Words that are truthful, gentle, and beneficial cultivate harmony, while harsh speech, even if factual, can cause harm. Krishna’s emphasis on verbal discipline serves as a crucial reminder that communication is a tool for both spiritual growth and social harmony.

Mental austerity is the most subtle yet powerful form of discipline. Krishna highlights that real transformation begins within—through inner peace, purity of thought, and self-control. By emphasizing mental refinement, he shifts the focus from external acts to internal mastery as the highest form of tapasya.

Rajasic austerities, performed for honor or recognition, are fleeting and unstable. Krishna warns that spiritual discipline must come from within rather than being a performance for others, subtly critiquing those who seek validation through religious acts.

Tamasic austerities, rooted in ignorance and self-torture, ultimately serve no higher purpose. Krishna warns against blind adherence to extreme penances that harm rather than uplift, reinforcing the importance of wisdom in spiritual practice.

Charity, when given selflessly and at the right time and place, embodies sattvic giving. Krishna’s teaching emphasizes the virtue of generosity without attachment, reinforcing the idea that true charity is an offering to the divine, not an investment in social status.